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Lots of other Scientologist-run services and companies belong to the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which accredits using Hubbard's management doctrines, and flows directories of WISE-affiliated companies. WISE needs those who wish to become Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This area requires growth. You can assist by contributing to it. In order to assist in the ongoing growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the kind of effective or reputable people. Church of Scientology Perth. Though it has actually attained some trustworthiness as a religion in many countries, Scientology has actually likewise been described as both a cult and a company.
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For example, it has actually been kept in mind to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Fair Video game individuals it perceives as its enemies. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of fraud, murder and tampering with witnesses in French cases, destructive libel against legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of visibility" might be perceived as "threatening to developed social institutions".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were business and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 nations by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had initially demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in items for the over here incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as identified in an internet poll run by the presidential shift team soliciting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was produced with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Office (later relabelled the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later organized and committed among the largest penetration of United States federal firms ever committed by an organization not connected with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal offense dedicated by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope formerly unusual. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No individual or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past Scientology used aggressive methods in attending to those it views as attempting to reduce them, called Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially outlined by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair game. Church of Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its creator.
Utilizing blank paper known to have actually been managed by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb threats in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was found at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.